The work could impact how the conservation of culturally and historically important earthen buildings is addressed across Latin America.
The church was unveiled and rededicated at an event at which residents of Kuñotambo celebrated the project’s completion. It was attended by representatives of the Ministry of Culture of Peru, the DDC-C, James Cuno, president and CEO of the J. Paul Getty Trust, as well as staff of the GCI’s Buildings and Sites department responsible for management of the project.
“Earthen architecture is among the oldest and most prevalent building types in the world, and faces many threats to its preservation, particularly earthquakes” says James Cuno, president and CEO of the J. Paul Getty Trust. “The work of the GCI and project partners at Kuñotambo is not only valuable to the community, but significantly advances ways we can protect earthen buildings around the world from the destructive effects of earthquakes.”
Buildings made with earthen materials can be extremely vulnerable to earthquakes and subject to sudden collapse during seismic events, especially if a building has been poorly maintained. The Seismic Retrofitting Project began in 2009 as part of the GCI’s Earthen Architecture Initiative, and grew out of many years of GCI research into the seismic strengthening of earthen buildings. The objective of the SRP is to adapt high-tech retrofitting techniques to better match the equipment, materials, and technical skills available in many countries with earthen structures.
The first three phases of the project included identification and assessment of four prototype buildings in Peru, representative of typologies across Latin America, as well as laboratory testing, in-situ testing, and numerical analyses of the four selected structures. The project is now in its final phase, and includes the design and implementation of retrofitting and conservation measures at two of the prototype buildings—the Cathedral of Ica and the Church of Kuñotambo. The seismic retrofitting techniques developed for both of these historic buildings can be applied to similar structures in the region and elsewhere in order to make them more seismically safe.
The Church of Kuñotambo is the most prominent building in the Comunidad Campesina Kuñotambo, a remote agrarian village of 500 inhabitants in the Andes, located approximately 35 km south-east of the city of Cusco. Owned by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cusco, the church has been in continuous use as a place of worship since its original construction in 1681. The church was built with thick mud brick walls and buttresses over a rubble stone masonry foundation and a wood-framed gable roof. The interior of the church features beautifully executed wall paintings depicting saints and other figurative and geometric motifs.
“This project is so meaningful not only because of the historical significance of the church, but because it is still actively used as a place of worship by the community” says Freddy Domingo Escobar Zamalloa, director of the DDC-C. “The participation of the community in the work undertaken at the church was integral to the project.”
Despite its historic and artistic significance, the church was in a fragile state when the GCI began its collaboration with the DCC-C in 2009. The structural performance of the building was severely compromised by a leaking roof, inadequate or broken connections of the roof framing, the loss of several exterior buttresses that weakened the walls, and settlement of the foundation that caused walls to lean and separate from the main structure.
A program of engineering assessment and study began in 2011, conducted by the GCI and consultants from the Lima-based Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP) and the Universidad do Minho of Portugal. These studies aimed to identify the properties of the building materials and construction systems in order to create accurate models of the building’s behavior during an earthquake.
Based on the results of the modeling, a design for retrofitting was proposed, which used local materials and techniques to stabilize and strengthen the structure. In conjunction with this work, wall paintings conservators began an in-depth study and program of testing and stabilization to protect the site’s wall paintings during construction.
The retrofitting included strengthening the church’s foundation, reconstruction of supporting buttresses, and the installation of timber ring beams, corner keys, and roofing. The church’s gilded 18th-century altar was also conserved, in addition to sculpture and other artworks. Final conservation of the wall paintings and finishing of the exterior was completed this spring.
“We are very pleased with the long-term collaboration with the GCI and the results of the conservation project at Kuñotambo,” says Ulla Sarela Holquist Pachas, minister of culture of Peru.
The Implementation of seismic retrofitting and repair will begin this year on the Cathedral of ICA, the second of the SRP prototypes.
The Kuñotambo project received support from the GCI Council and Friends of Heritage Preservation.